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The sport and practice of single-handed sailing or solo sailing is sailing with only one crewmember i. The term usually Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 refers to ocean and long-distance sailing and is used in competitive sailing and among Cruisers. In sailing, a hand is a member of a ship'Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 s crew. The term "single-handed" is also used more generally in English to mean "done without help from others" or, literally, buffalo small boat sailing league 06 one hand".
In the sailing community, the term "crewed" or sometimes "fully-crewed" is used to mean sailing with a crew of more than one, in order to distinguish events permitting larger crews from their single-handed equivalents even though a solo sailor is also correctly referred to as a vessel's crew.
Hence, for example, " Bruno Peyron Many significant voyages, such as ocean passages, have been made single-handed, and many single-handed circumnavigations have Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 been accomplished. Single-handed sailing has become a major competitive sport, and there are a number of prominent single-handed offshore races.
Many single-handed races make use Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 of Open 50 and Open 60 boats. Stringent rules apply to single-handed races and speed records. As with any sailing race, the voyage must be Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 completed under sail, and the boat must be operated and powered by wind and muscle-power alone no electric or hydraulic winches.
Some races are carried Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 out in stages, where repairs and resupply may be carried out at the intermediate ports of call; in non-stop races and record attempts, no outside assistance is permitted, whether in the form of a tow, repairs, or supplies. However, anchoring to make repairs under one's own resources is generally Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 permitted. In terms of safety, very stringent entry requirements apply to major races.
The crew must meet buffalo small boat sailing league 06 for Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 both past experience and training, and the vessel and equipment must meet specified standards. One issue that arises with single-handed round-the-world racing is that of verifying that the competitor has actually sailed around the world.
In practice, faking buffalo small boat sailing league 06 a voyage, along with all of the detailed logs, workings of celestial navigation sights, radio check-ins at various places, and so on, would be virtually impossible; however, in the Golden Globe Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Race, one competitor did actually attempt.
Complete competence with sailing and seamanship are required for single-handing, as is a high degree of self-sufficiency. This includes often arduous sail adjustments and sail buffalo small boat sailing league 06 in all weathers, including heavy weather very windy or stormy weather. In Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 addition, while a recreational sailor might wait for a while before reacting to a change in conditions, a racer will respond to every wind shift with a sail adjustment or change, resulting in much more frequent exertions.
Falling overboard while single-handed ocean sailing is almost certainly fatal, as there is no one to attempt to recover the crewmember who has fallen overboard. However, the nightmare scenario of floating in mid-ocean while watching one's boat sail away under auto-pilot makes many single-handers very cautious. Staying on the boat by careful and thorough use of handholds, lifelines, and tethers is undoubtedly Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 the best approach for any sailor, but some single-handers tow a rope astern, as a last desperate chance if they should fall overboard.
Falling overboard while single-handed sailing also creates a hazard to navigation for all other vessels as the now-uncontrolled vessel can remain afloat for an extended period.Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06
One of the greatest challenges facing a lone sailor is managing the need to sleep, since a good watch must be kept at all times Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 while at buffalo small boat sailing league 06. Many single-handers use the technique of napping for 15 to 20 minutes at a time, [ Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 citation needed ] using a timer to wake them up for periodic look-arounds; with buffalo small boat sailing league 06 relatively slow speed of a sailboat, this allows most hazards to be seen in time.
Again the challenge is greater for racers, given their higher speeds and more intense activity, Boat League Sailing Small 06 Buffalo and some racers [ who? Especially for racing, often routes are chosen that stay away from land, shallow areas and busy shipping routes. In the Southern Ocean sailors often do not see another boat for weeks [ citation needed ]. Recreational sailors usually choose a more tropical route through the Panama Canal closer to land and have to keep a better lookout for shipping.
They often stop in ports en route for rest and Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 sightseeing. In recent years the Automatic Identification System has become available to non-commercial shipping, providing advance warning of collision risks. The recorded history of modern single-handed voyages begins with an American sailor, Josiah Shackford, who is reported to have sailed from France to Surinam, in South America, although this has not been reliably authenticated.
Another unauthenticated voyage is that of Captain Cleveland of Salem, who was said to have sailed nearly around the world single-handed Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 in a foot 5 m boat around A more likely account is that of J. Crenston, who is reported to have sailed a foot 06 Boat League Small Buffalo Sailing 12 m boat from New Bedford, Massachusettsto San Francisco whether by Cape Horn or the Strait of Magellan is unknown.
Single-handed sailing received a great Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 impetus in the middle of the 19th century, when it was popularised by two British sailors, R. McMullen and John MacGregor. Although neither man buffalo Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 small boat sailing league 06 a major single-handed offshore passage, MacGregor achieved some fame for sailing a foot 6 m yawl from London to Paris and back in The first authenticated single-handed ocean crossing was made in by a year-old fisherman named Alfred "Centennial" Johnson.
Johnson sailed out of Gloucester, Massachusettsto cross the Atlantic Ocean in an open dory named Centennial. His voyage was timed to celebrate the United States centennial. He set off on the 3,nautical-mile 5, km crossing on June 15, ; he averaged about 70 miles km a day, and contacted many vessels along the way, Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 getting positions from their navigators.
After surviving a major gale that capsized the boat, he finally made landfall at AbercastleWaleson August 12, William Albert Andrews, Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 of Beverley, Massachusetts, made several significant single-handed voyages, and buffalo small boat sailing league 06 the first single-handed trans-Atlantic race.
Andrews first crossed the Atlantic with his brother in a foot 6 m dory in Josiah W. Lawlor, the son of a famous boat-builder, took up the challenge, and the two men built foot 5 m boats for the race. They set off from Crescent Beach near Boston on June 21, Andrews, capsized several times Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 and was finally picked up by a steamer; but Lawlor arrived at CoverackCornwallon August 5, The sport of long-distance single-handed sailing was firmly established Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 with the famous voyage of Joshua Slocumwho circumnavigated the world between and Despite widespread opinion that such a voyage was impossible there was no Panama Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Canal thenSlocum, a retired sea captain, rebuilt a foot 11 m sloop, Sprayand sailed it around the world�the first single-handed circumnavigation of the world.
His book Sailing Alone Around the World is buffalo small boat sailing league 06 considered a classic adventure, and it inspired many others to take to the seas.
Inthe Argentine sailor Vito Dumas set out on a single-handed circumnavigation of the Southern Ocean. He had only the most basic and makeshift Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 gear; he had no radio, for fear of being shot as a spy, and was forced to stuff his buffalo small boat sailing league 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 with newspaper to keep warm. His voyage of 20, miles 32, km was not a true circumnavigationas it was contained within the southern hemisphere; Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 however, he made the first single-handed passage of the three great capesand indeed the first successful single-handed passage of Cape Horn.
With only three landfalls, Vito Dumas described the legs of his trip as the longest that had been made by a single-hander, and in the most ferocious oceans on the Buffalo small boat sailing league 06. He arrived in Siargao Island in northern Mindanao on April 25, Organised single-handed yacht racing was pioneered by Britons "Blondie" Hasler and Francis Chichesterwho conceived the idea of a single-handed race across the Atlantic Ocean.
This was buffalo small boat sailing league Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 06 revolutionary concept at the time, as the idea was thought to be extremely impractical, particularly in the adverse conditions of their proposed route�a Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 westward crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean. Nevertheless, their original half-crown bet on first place developed into the first single-handed transatlantic yacht race, the OSTARwhich Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 was held in The race was a success, and was won in 40 days by Chichester, then aged 58, in Gipsy Moth III ; Hasler finished second, in 48 days, sailing the junk -rigged Jester.
Hasler's wind-vane self-steering gear revolutionised short-handed sailing, and his other major innovation�using a junk rig Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 for safer and more manageable shorthanded sailing�influenced many subsequent sailors. The winner on that occasion, Eric Tabarlysailed in the Classic Small Sailing Boats Quiz first ever boat specifically designed for Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 single-handed ocean racing, the foot 13 m ketch Pen Duick II.
Not content with his achievements, Chichester set his sights on the next logical goal�a racing-style circumnavigation of the world. In he set off in Gipsy Moth IVa yacht custom-built for a speed attempt, in order to set the Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 fastest possible buffalo small boat sailing league 06 for a round-the-world trip�in effect, the first speed record for a single-handed circumnavigation.
He followed the clipper route buffalo small boat sailing league 06 PlymouthUnited Kingdom, to SydneyAustralia, where he stopped over for 48 days, then continued south of Cape Horn back to Plymouth.
In the process he became the first single-handed sailor to circumnavigate west-to-east, by the clipper routewith just one stop of 48 days in Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 days overall, with a sailing time of days, twice as fast as the previous record for a small vessel. At the age of 65, Chichester Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 had once again revolutionised single-handed sailing.
Of the nine boats which started:. These feats have been documented and described in her book "Pacific Lady. Even after the main "firsts" had been achieved�first solo circumnavigation, first non-stop�other sailors set out to make their mark on history.
Inat the age of just 16, Robin Lee Graham set out from southern California to sail around the world in his foot 7 m sailboat Doveand in he successfully completed the youngest at age 16�21 solo circumnavigation. Following in Chichester's wake, Alec Rosea year-old British grocer, set off in to sail solo around the world. He completed his voyage on July 4,after two stops, and was knighted the following day.
Single-handed racing continued to develop with the Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 creation in of the Mini-Transata single-handed transatlantic race for boats smaller than 6. The major women's firsts were achieved in just over ten years. Poland buffalo small boat sailing league 06 Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz set off to sail around the world by the trade-wind route in and on her Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 return to the Canary Islands in became the first woman to perform a single-handed circumnavigation with stops.
Less than two months later, Naomi James completed the first single-handed circumnavigation with stops by a woman via Cape Horn, in just days, and inKay Cottee became the first woman to perform a Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 solo non-stop circumnavigation in her metre 36 ft sloop First Ladytaking days. It was not untilhowever, that a woman� Dee Caffari �completed a non-stop westabout Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 circumnavigation.
This event is raced in stages, with between two and four intermediate stops, going eastabout by way of the great capes, and is run Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 every four years. The first edition was won by French yachtsman Philippe Jeantotwho won all four legs of the race with an overall elapsed time of just over days. With changes in sponsorship the race later became known buffalo small boat sailing league 06 the Around Alone, and is now the Velux 5 Oceans Race.
The race, which takes place every four years, is regarded by many as buffalo small boat sailing league 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 ultimate event in single-handed sailing. The theoretical distance for each course is shown, and the average speed based on this theoretical distance is shown for each record for comparison purposes. Note, however, that the actual distance sailed will be more than the theoretical distance, particularly on upwind and round-the-world courses; the actual average speed will therefore also be higher than that shown.
Any citizen of a signing nation is bound by these rules when in Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 international waters. As they pertain to single-handed sailing:.
Rule 1 a -- These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.
Rule 5 -- Every vessel must at all times keep a proper look-out by sight, hearing, Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 and all available means in order to judge if risk of collision exists. Since a single-handed, long-distance sailor will need to sleep at some point, Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 the activity may be in violation of international law.
Currently there is no evidence of authorities pro-actively enforcing the look-out rule on non-commercial craft. However, in the event of an incident at sea, if the master of a vessel is found to have violated one or more COLREGS, they may Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 be found completely liable for the costs of rescue efforts, property damages or loss, loss of income, salvage costs, environmental cleanup costs, and so Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 on.
In the event of loss of life, criminal gross negligence charges are possible. As a defence, some sailors mention:. It is also a reasonable Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 interpretation of the COLREGs to place the boat "not under command" and to make no way, displaying proper lighting for such, to inform other vessels that a single-handed boat is not able to perform avoidance maneuvers because the crew is asleep.
No legal cases have arisen to date to adjudicate Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 whether or not such an approach is legal, because single-handed sailing is rare and examples of collisions caused by single-handed sailing are difficult to.
Finally, sensor technology has reached the point where a proper watch can be maintained by electronics that alert humans. Unmanned ocean-going drones already exist and will Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 become routine within the next few decades, and those watch-keeping technologies will become available to single-handed sailors to ameliorate legal issues arising from the Buffalo Small Boat Sailing League 06 failure to maintain a constant human watch.
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