Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk of 27 May-4 June , is one of the most celebrated military events in British history, and yet it was the direct result of one of the most crushing defeats suffered by the British army. Only eighteen days before the start of the evacuation the combined British and French armies had been seen as at least equal to the Germans. If Belgium and Holland came into the war, then the combined Allied armies could field Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry divisions, three more than the Germans.
For over six months the two armies had faced each other across the Franco-German border, but on 10 May Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Dunkirk Boats Small Jewelry the German offensive in the west began, and that all changed. After only ten days German tanks reached the Channel at Abbeville, splitting the Allied armies Jewelry Boats Small Dunkirk in two. All the Germans had to do to trap the BEF without any hope of escape was turn north and sweep along the almost undefended Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Jewelry Boats Dunkirk Small channel coast. Instead the BEF was able to fight its way to Dunkirk, where between 27 May and 4 June a total of , Allied troops Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry were rescued from Dunkirk and the beaches.
At the end of 4 June enough of the BEF had escaped from the trap to enable Churchill to Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Jewelry Dunkirk Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry convince his cabinet colleagues to fight on, regardless of the fate of France. The evacuation from Dunkirk was made possible by a combination of German mistakes Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry and a brave decision made by Lord Gort , the commander of the BEF.
The Germans expected the Allies to help them by advancing into Belgium at the start of their offensive, exposing more Allied troops to capture. Two German Army Groups were to be involved in the plan. Rundstedt had three armies in his front line, and an armoured group under General von Kleist to lead the way. Just as expected, when the German attack began, the Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry British and French advanced into Belgium, hoping to link up with the Belgian army and stop the German advance.
The Germans soon broke through the French line at Sedan. This sudden success began to lay the seeds of the German mistake that would let the BEF reach Dunkirk. Kleist caught up Small Dunkirk Jewelry Boats Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry with Guderian on 17 May, and instead of praising him for his success, attacked him for taking too big a risk.
The German High Command was Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry beginning to worry that their panzer spearhead was dangerously exposed to a combined Allied counterattack from north and south. Guderian promptly resigned, but General Rundstedt Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry persuaded him to return to his post, and also gave him permission to carry out an armed reconnaissance to the west.
Guderian took advantage of this Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry new order, and on 20 May captured Amiens and Abbeville. The Germans had reached the sea and the Allied armies were cut in two. At this point the Germans were indeed vulnerable to a counterattack. Belatedly General Gamelan, the French supreme commander, issued orders for a breakout to the south, supported Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Boats Jewelry Dunkirk Small by an attack from the south, exactly what the Germans were afraid would happen, but on 19 May, before the plan could be put into place, Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Gamelan was replaced by General Weygand.
The Gamelan plan was suspended while Weygand visited the front. Three days were lost, and by the time Weygand decided to carry out a very similar plan, it was too late. On the same day the British launched their one major counterattack of the campaign, Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry the battle of Arras. This attack achieved some limited local success before it was repulsed, but it had a much bigger impact on the German High Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Command.
The British attack confirmed their view that an Allied counterattack would soon follow. That day they reached the outskirts of Boulogne, where they encountered serious resistance for the first time. The fighting at Boulogne would last for another three days, before the garrison surrendered on 25 May.
On the same Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry day the bulk of the BEF had pulled back out of Belgium and had returned to the defensive lines east of Lille that it had constructed Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry over the winter of At this point both the British and the Germans were forty miles from Dunkirk. The British also had a garrison at Calais, Small Jewelry Boats Dunkirk and Lord Gort was beginning to place scattered forces on the route back to the coast.
On 23 May Kleist reported that he had lost Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry half of his tanks since the start of the campaign in the west. Accordingly, that evening Rundstedt stopped his advance, and ordered him to simply blockade Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry the Allied garrison in Calais.
The Army High Command decided to give Army Group B the job of attacking the Allied pocket, while Army Group A Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry would concentrate on guarding the southern flank of the German advance against a possible counterattack.
On the north eastern flank of the Allied pocket the Belgian army came under heavy attack, and was close to collapse. On the coast the Germans were blockading Calais, and were only twenty miles from Dunkirk, the last port available to the Allies. Meanwhile much of the BEF was still on a line running north from Arras, still attempted to maintain what was left of the front line. The BEF would be left to the infantry and to the Luftwaffe.
At the start of 25 May Lord Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Gort was still under orders to attack to the south to support the French, but it was becoming increasingly clear that this was a forlorn hope, Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry and that to obey that order would risk losing the entire army.
On his own authority he ordered the 5th and 50th Divisions to move from Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Arras, at the southern end of the British pocket, to the north to reinforce II Corps, as the first step in an attempt to break out to the sea. The reinforced II Corps would have the job of holding the northern flank of the corridor to the sea if the Belgian Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry army surrendered. On the same day Churchill made his final decision not to evacute the garrison defending Calais , hoping to gain crucial hours to improve the western defences of the Dunkirk beachhead.
The fighting at Calais continued until late on 26 May, and tied up one Panzer Division. By 26 May the British and French had both decided to form a beachhead around Dunkirk, but for different reasons. While the British hoped to escape from the German Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry trap, the French still hoped to fight on.
On this day Lord Gort met with General Blanchard, the French command of the First Army Group, and Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry together they put plans in place to create a defensive perimeter around Dunkirk, apparently without either side realising what the other had in mind. The French were to defend the line from Gravelines to Bergues, and then the British would take over from Bergues and hold a line along the canal to Furnes, then Nieuport and the sea.
The same day finally saw the Germans begin to take notice of the activity at Dunkirk. On the Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry same day the brave defence of Calais also finally came to an end, after having held the Germans up for a crucial few days. On the Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry same day that the evacuation from Dunkirk finally got under way, the German advance finally brought the port within artillery range, and for the rest of Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry the evacuation the town suffered from a constant heavy artillery bombardment.
By now the Allies had defences in place around Dunkirk. One of the most Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry important aspects of those defences were the inundations, which flooded large areas of the low lying ground around the port, acting as a very effective anti-tank ditch. Heavy fighting would follow, but the Germans had missed their best chance to cut the BEF off from the coast. The BEF was still not Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry safe. Rearguard elements of I and II Corps did not leave the frontier defences until the night on May, and most of the BEF was Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Dunkirk Boats Jewelry Small still outside the Dunkirk perimeter at the end of the day.
Worse was to come, for during the day the German Sixth Army reported that a Belgian delegation had arrived to request surrender negotiations.
On that day Belgium signed an unconditional surrender, which left the northern flank of the Allied pocket dangerously Jewelry Small Dunkirk Boats exposed to German attack.
Lord Gort was only given one hours formal notice of the surrender, which had the potential to destroy any hope of Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry an evacuation, but over the previous days King Leopold III had indicated that his army was close to collapse, so the armistice didn't come as Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry a complete surprise, and the Belgian army had played a vital part in the defence of the Allied left since the start of the fighting.
During Small Jewelry Dunkirk Boats Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry a day of hard fighting the BEF was able to prevent the Germans from crossing the Yser and reaching the beaches before the Allies. By Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry the end of the day a large part of the BEF had reached the defended perimeter. A second crisis came during a meeting with General Blanchard.Jewelry Boats Small Dunkirk Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry
Only now did the French commander realise that the British were planning to evacuate their troops. He made it clear that he did not believe any Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry evacuation was possible, and refused to retire in line with the British. However, on 29 May the Germans finally managed to cut off the Allied troops fighting around Lille. Four British divisions had managed to escape the trap, but the French V Corps was captured. The ground campaign was effectively over, Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry and the attention turned to the naval evacuation.
After the war the surviving German generals did their best to shift the blame for this order on Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Boats Jewelry Small Dunkirk to Hitler. Hitler was known to have expressed some admiration for the British Empire, and to have said that he wanted to arrange a division of the world with the British, but his pre-war admiration for Britain seems to have evaporated rather quickly once the war began.
Lord Gort had first Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry raised the possibility of an evacuation from Calais, Boulogne and Dunkirk on 19 May. On 20 May he held his first planning meeting at Dover. He Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry had a number of serious problems to overcome. The shallow waters around Dunkirk meant that the largest ships could not be used. At the start of the evacuation Ramsey had a fleet of destroyers, passenger ferry steamers and Dutch coasters Schuyts. What he lacked was enough small boats to get men from the beaches to the ships waiting offshore.
Dunkirk itself had been under heavy bombardment for some days, and the inner harbour was out of use. Once the ships were loaded they then had to get back to England. Sandbars just off the French coast meant that the ships would have Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry to travel along the coast for some distance to reach a channel into deeper water.
The western route Route Z was the shortest, at 39 sea Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry miles, but it would soon be vulnerable to attack from the French gun batteries at Calais, which were captured intact by the Germans. Ramsey was then forced to use Route Y, the eastern route, but that was much longer, at 87 sea miles, and would itself Dunkirk Small Boats 2020 News become vulnerable as the eastern Dunkirk Small Boats Jewelry perimeter at Dunkirk shrank.
A final route, X, of 55 sea miles was eventually created by clearing a gap in the minefields. Even once back at Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Dover the problems did not end. The port of Dover had eight berths for cross channel ferries, each of which would soon be used by up Dunkirk Small Jewelry Boats to three ships at once. Once off the ships the men then needed to be moved away from the dock, fed and housed.
With all Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry this in mind, it is perhaps not surprising that when planning began the best Ramsey hoped to achieve was to rescue 45, men over two days. The Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry evacuation got underway on the afternoon of Sunday 26 May, when a number of personnel ships were sent into Dunkirk harbour these were mostly fast Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry passenger ships that had been used on the cross-channel routes before the war, and were manned by Merchant Navy Crews. This type of ship would Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Dunkirk Boats Jewelry eventually evacuate 87, men from Dunkirk and the beaches, second only to the destroyers.
Operation Dynamo itself did not start until 6. A key figure over Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry the next few days was Captain W. Tennant, the Senior Naval Officers, Dunkirk, who was appointed to take charge of the naval shore embarkation parties.
At Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry this point the navy was planning to evacuate most men from the beaches east of Dunkirk. Each British army corps was allocated one of three Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry beaches � Malo beach, close to Dunkirk, Bray beach, further along the coast and La Penne beach, just inside Belgium.
The inner harbour at Dunkirk had Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry been closed by German bombing, and would never be used during the evacuation. The outer harbour was protected by two moles. These long concrete constructions had Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry not been designed to have ships dock alongside, but on the evening of 27 May Captain Tennant ordered one ship to try using the east mole.
Despite the difficulties this was a success, and the east mole was used for the rest of the evacuation. The use of the mole allowed Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Tennant to make the best use of the destroyers, and over the rest of the evacuation they would rescue , men. Despite this initial success, by the Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry Small Boats Dunkirk Jewelry end of the day Tennant had closed the harbour, and directed all ships to the beach. This day also saw the navy abandon Route Z, the shortest route between Dover and Dunkirk.
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